How many lives does a life has?

One day I asked wise man,” where do people go after dead” . “There are several answer we may get”; replied wise man. I asked further what are they. He told about various point of view. Such as in the way of Islam, in the way of Judaism, Christianity etc. But at the end he told me that what ever the religion method is; there is a science theory also. And all the theory is of only by wise man. I got surprised to know that wise man can explain the after death world scientifically. I asked him “what is your theory”. He replied after death we go to the 4 dimension world. Before birth we were in 2 dimension world. And the life of 2nd dimension we were in 1st dimension world. I shook my head and got understanding mark. And said him “After death and life after death will be a six dimensional world isn’t it”. Wise man said “Positive and the thing will incur n”th time. Where the value of n= infinity”. I thought wise man got mad he needs a very good refreshment

Do not listen to him

While I was young, wise man use to say, “Son; make your fate by your own”. I always been very attentive to wise man as well careful too. But one thing confused me that; how do I can create my own fate while there is one god and he send us in the world and nothing can happen with out his permission. It was very confusing to me. I never thaught abut religion before that. I use to follow my parents and that my guardians tell me to do. I use to have my prayer regularly by going to mosque. At the age of sixteen, in sweet sweet sixteen some thing happened to me and I started experimenting of my luck and religion also. At the first step I just start deny of existence of religion and god and any luck of mine. I expressed it to my guardians and relatives and friends too. I knew it was safe because they will not atleast do any thing like the extremist Muslims; particularly the follower of Bin-Laden or Taleban of afganisthan. Love was the barricade of them. I observed that they are getting angry with my talkings and thaught. When ever I use to discuss about religion they became hrash with me. I took note it in my head. Then agian I start searching for the answer to my question of thaught. At the age of 18 I got a chance to visit India for doing my honors graduation in University of Delhi. I alone visited all the mosque of Delhi as well the temple of Delhi. Not only that I visited the famous places where pilgrims use to go for showing their devotaion towards God the almighty. I think I learn huge thing that people will get surprise when they know it. In one sentence I can say to all what I learnt there.I learnt that going any where in search of God is the most foolish job in this world and making experiment with life is always dangerous for bright future. Last of all my advice is to the young is, never listen to wise man if you meet him any where in any part of this world

Delaying to use the alternative and renewable energy? – Know detail about electricity storing system in a solar PV system

Earlier I have discussed on the necessity of using alternative clean and green energy such as solar photo voltaic (PV) panels for the resources of clean and green energy. Fossil fuel and other resources of power and electricity has limit and will be finished off with in near future. In early version I have discussed on PV panels and how they work. Not only in my early article; there are many readings and books are available to take knowledge on solar PV panels in market now a days. Many analyst and expert had discussed on solar PV panels in different magazine and news paper in recent time. There are some more components and equipments are using in a solar powered electric system. Those equipments are very important role to play in a solar powered system. I think people should know about these for their knowledge and usability. One important component in the PV panels is the storage system. It is required to have a storage system in a solar powered electricity generating system. The major role of this storage system is to store the electricity and release it when ever required for. As we know Electric power is generated only during day time by PV panels. But we need light at night. So some sort of storage systems has to be used with PV system. Although various types of batteries are available in the market, lead-Acid batteries are widely used in PV systems. Many of us may know that In 1859 French physicist Gaston Planté invented this rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, they have the ability to supply high surge current and relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles and now in PV systems. Their huge Ampere-Hour capacity makes them suitable for PV system. The lead acid batteries may be divided in to some parts. Parts of a Lead-acid Battery: A battery consists of a number of cells and each cell of the battery consists of (1) positive and negative plates (2) separators (3) electrolyte and (4) the container. Different parts of a lead-acid battery are described below: (1) Plates. A plate consists of a lattice type of grid of cast antimonied lead alloy which is covered with active material. The grid not only serves as a support for the fragile active material but also conducts electric current. Grids for the positive and negative plates are often of the same design although negative- plate grids are made some¬what lighter. (2) Separators. These are thin sheets of a porous material placed between the positive and negative plates for preventing contact between them and thus avoiding internal short-circuiting of the battery. A separator must, however, be sufficiently porous to allow diffusion or circulation of electrolyte between the plates. These are made of especially-treated cedar wood, glass wool mat, micro porous rubber (mipor), micro porous plastics (plastipore, miplast) and perforated p.v.c. In addition to good porosity, a separator must possess high electrical resistance and mechanical strength. Separators: (1) and (2) Miplast type (3) Perforated type (3) Electrolyte. It is dilute sulphuric acid which fills the cell compartment to immerse the plates completely. Battery container Followings are the parts of the lead acid battery picture shown as parts separately. 1. Negative plate 2. Separator 3. Positive plate. 4. Positive group 5. Negative group 6. Negative group grooved support block 7. Lug 8. Plate group 9. Guard screen 10. Guard plate 11. Cell cover 12. Plug washer 13. Vent plug 14. Monoblock jar 16. Supporting prisms of + ve group 16. Inter-cell connector 17. Terminal lug 18. Screw 19. Washer 20. nut 21. Rubber packing 22. Sealing compound. Discharging: When the cell is fully charged, its positive plate or anode is Pb02 and the negative plate or cathode is Pb. When the cell discharges i.e. it sends current through the external load, then H2SO4 is dissociated into positive H2 and negative S04 ions. As the current within the cell is flowing from cathode to anode, H2 ions move to anode and SO4 ions move to the cathode. At anode (Pb02), H2 combines with the oxygen of Pb02and H2SO4 attacks lead to form PbS04. CHARGING When the cell is recharged, then H2 ions move to cathode and S04 ions go to anode and the following changes take place: Hence, the anode and cathode again become PbO2 and Pb respectively. It will be noticed that during charging : The anode becomes dark chocolate brown in color (Pb02) and cathode becomes grey metallic lead (Pb)Due to consumption of water, specific gravity of H2SO4. is increased There is a rise in voltage, Energy is absorbed by the cell Efficiency: Ideally, the charging and discharging processes of the lead-acid system should be reversible. In reality, however, they are not. Some of the electrical energy intended for charging is lost in the internal resistance and is converted to heat. When hydrogen is lost, it also represents an energy loss. Typically, the charging process is about 95% efficient. The discharge process also results in some losses due to internal resistance of the battery, so only about 95% of the stored energy can be recovered. The overall efficiency of charging and discharging a lead-acid battery is thus about 90%. Since battery losses to internal resistance are proportional to the square of the current, this means that high current charging or high current discharging will tend to result in higher internal losses and less overall performance efficiency. Amount of stored energy: The amount of energy stored in a battery is commonly measured in ampere hours. While ampere hours are technically not units of energy, but, rather, units of charge, the amount of charge in a battery is approximately proportional to the energy stored in the battery. If the battery voltage remains constant, then the energy stored is simply the product of the charge and the voltage. Effect of DOD on Life-Cycle: The following Figure shows how the depth of discharge affects the number of operating cycles of a deep discharge battery. The PV system designer must carefully consider the trade-off between using more batteries operating at shallower discharge rates to extend the overall life of the batteries vs. using fewer batteries with deeper discharge rates and the correspondingly lower initial cost. Lead-acid battery lifetime in cycles vs. depth of discharge per cycle Vented and nonvented batteries: In certain lead-calcium batteries, minimal hydrogen and oxygen are lost during charging. This means minimal water is lost from the electrolyte. As a result, it is possible to seal off the cells of these batteries, making them essentially maintenance free. The trade-off, however, is that if these batteries are either purposely or inadvertently discharged to less than 75% of their maximum charge rating, their expected lifetime may be significantly shortened. Lead-antimony electrodes, on the other hand, may be discharged to 20% of their maximum rating. This means that a 100 Ah lead-calcium battery has only 25 Ah available for use, while a 100 Ah lead-antimony battery has 80 Ah available for use, or more than 3 times the availability of the lead-calcium unit. However, the lead-antimony unit produces significantly more hydrogen and oxygen gas from dissociation of water in the electrolyte, and thus water must be added to the battery relatively often to prevent the electrolyte level from falling below the top of the electrodes. Water loss can be reduced somewhat by the use of cell caps that catalyze the recombination of hydrogen and oxygen back into water, which returns to the cell. Chemistry of the Nickel Cadmium Storage Battery: Ni-Cd batteries use nickel oxi-hydroxide for the anode plates and finely divided cadmium for the cathode plates. The electrolyte in the Ni-Cd system is potassium hydroxide (KOH). The NiOOH anode is generally made of nickel fibers mixed with graphite- or nickel-coated plastic fibers. Small quantities of other materials such as barium and cobalt compounds are also added to improve performance. The cathode is also frequently made of a cadmium-coated plastic fiber. If the cathode is not a coated plastic, then it is commonly mixed with iron or nickel. The fiber structures of anode and cathode maximize the surface area while minimizing the amount of relatively expensive nickel and cadmium required for the electrodes. On discharge, the NiOOH of the positive plate is converted to Ni(OH)2 and the cadmium metal of the negative plate is converted to Cd(OH)2. The basic reactions are: At the positive plate: NiOOH + H2O + e- = Ni(OH)2+OH At the negative plate: Cd + 2OH- = Cd(OH)2 + 2e- Overall: 2NiOOH + Cd + 2H20 = 2Ni(OH)+Cd(OH) The voltage of the fully charged cell is 1.29 V. Unlike the lead-acid system where the specific gravity of the electrolyte changes measurably during discharge or charge, the KOH electrolyte of the Ni-Cd system changes very little during battery operation. Ni-MH: (Nickel Metal Hydride) ` Another technology that is becoming very popular, particularly in smaller applications such as camcorders and laptop computers, is the nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery. This battery replaces the cadmium cathode with an environmentally benign metal hydride cathode, allowing for higher energy density at the cathode and a correspondingly longer lifetime or higher capacity, depending on the design goal. The anode is the same as in the Ni-Cd cell and KOH is used as the electrolyte. The overall discharge reaction is MH + NiOOH = M + Ni(OH)2 Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) Battery: Lithium-Ion battery is an advanced battery. Lithium ion batter has high energy density, low self discharge and no memory effect. These batteries are used where smaller and light weight batteries are required such as cell phones and laptop computers. However the main disadvantages of these batteries are the high price and fewer charge/discharge cycles

Right time to use Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) panels and Solar System Solution for power and electricity

. What will happen when the fossil fuel and other resources of power and electricity will end within few years? With the current world situation this question has the most logical base and why not the reserves of crude oil is over 1000 billion barrels that is available for usage and it is assumed that with the current utilization of 84.1 millions barrels a day, the world can run only another 32 (Thirty Two) years. After the stock report of fossil fuel; let’s check out where this fuel is utilizing: - the main consumption of fossil fuel is to produce the power and electricity. The second most usage is to run the vehicle and to run a smooth transportation system too. Other than these: mills, factories, heavy industrial instruments and equipments are run by the fuel. So, it is natural to come in mind what will happen after 32 years from now when we will finish off all the reserve of oil. Will we stop our power and electricity production? Will we stop the heavy industries? Will we stop the transportation and vehicle? Any one can guess that is not possible for us. World can’t pass a second with out power and energy nowadays. So, there is need to use of alternative and renewable energy resources to make substitute of the fossil fuel and the coal & natural gas. The sustainable renewable energy is getting popular as clean and green energy. Most of the countries are investing on this natural and renewable energy sector. There is no other way left for the human civilization ahead other than this. The next generation survival is depending on the perfection of proper utilization of invested capital in research of sustainable and renewable energy resources production and implementation system. USA president Mr. Barak Obama called for the country to reduce its oil import by one third by the year 2025. This is not that they are in short of budget for buying oil from other countries but they would like to secure its energy supply in the future. May be question will arise how? We can mention Mr. Obama’s speeches here,” When I was elected to this office, America imported 11(eleven) million barrels of oil a day. By little more than a decade from now we will cut that by one third”. Actually his emphasis on using of alternative of oil and fossil fuel; he said “The only way for American energy supply to be truly secure is by permanently reducing our dependence on oil. We are to have to find ways to boost our efficiency so we use less oil. We have got to discover and produce cleaner renewable sources of energy that also produce less carbon pollution”. He said that meeting this new goal of cutting US oil dependence depends largely on two things finding and producing more oil at home and reducing our dependence on oil with cleaner alternative fuels and greater efficiency. The USA president pointed on not to make a quick fix of the solution. Here we can mention another project that is completely hydro project and the location is in Himachal. This project is established by a consortium of TATA Power and Norwegian hydro power company. This project is build to produce 236 Mega Watt of electricity in Chenab Valle in Himachal Pradesh, India. In Srilanka rural electricity schemes has launched very recently. Several projects are going to establish by the government of Srilanka to achieve target of 100 percentages electricity needs of country’s rural sectors by 2012 set by Minister Patali Chapika Ranwake. The 4th project is for lighting Srilanka, Ranpura, Kague, Central province. The rural electricity project No.8 issued by the power and energy commission is the project under which new electricity connection had been provided for 720 houses in the Galle and Matara districts. There is a plan to another 516 electricity schemes of Rs. 85.7 million are in operation covering Elipitya, Nagoda, Karon, Deniya, Yakkalamulla,Beddegama and Thavalama divisions in the Gale district. While 203 electricity schemes will be started at the cost of Rs. 134.1 million of cover Kotapola, Pitabed, Passara, Dickweili and Akuresra DS divisions in Matara district. The International Energy Agency 794(IEA) is saying that the wide spread development of “Smart Grids” networks that monitors and manage the transport of electricity from all sources to meet the varying electricity demands of end users is crucial to achieving a more secure and sustainable future. Not only that the World Bank has taken an initiative to allocate the loan and subsidies in the sector of renewable energy nowadays. The IMF has prepared fund for set up the renewable energy plant, such as; the electricity production by the photo voltaic (PV) solar cell
I have tried to give some detail discussion and information in this article so that people can get a general idea about the solar panel that is used for generation of electricity. Basically the solar Photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells are PN junction Semiconductor devices. It converts sun light into direct current electricity. There are some types of solar cells or PV solar panels in market. Such as:

Mono Crystalline Solar cell


Poly Crystalline Solar Cell


Amorphous silicon solar cell


Flexible amorphous silicon


We can remember that one silicon solar cell produces 0.5V to 0.6V; these cells are combines together to get a module. Usually 33/36 cells are connected together to make one module. This connection are made keeping the fact in tact the cells are connected electrically in series and/or parallel circuits to produce higher voltages, currents and power levels. One module is capability to produce enough voltage to charge 12 volt batteries and run pumps and motors. The PV module is basic building block of a PV power system. Most of the time PV modules are combined in series parallel manner to make PV array of required power complete power-generating unit.
For two cells connected in series, the current through the two cells is equal. The sum of total voltage produced is the total of the individual cell voltages. As the current should same, a mismatch in current means that the total current from the configuration is equal to the lowest current.
Incase of parallel connected solar cell the voltage across the cell combination is always the same and the total current from the combination is the sum of the currents in the individual cells.
The performance of PV modules and arrays are generally rated according to their maximum DC power output (watts) under. Standard Test Conditions (STC).
Standard Test Conditions are defined by a module (cell) operating temperature of 25o C (77 F), and incident solar irradiance level of 1000 W/m2 and under Air Mass 1.5 spectral distribution. Since these conditions are not always typical of how PV modules and arrays operate in the field, actual performance is usually 85 to 90 percent of the STC rating.
Today’s photovoltaic modules are extremely safe and reliable products, with minimal failure rates and projected service lifetimes of 20 to 30 years.

With the above PV modules the solar systems and electricity generating solutions are developed.
These solutions can be different in category. Following is the category of solution those are possible to develop usually. They are:
1. Stand-alone PV systems
(a) Simple single module DC system (PV Home system)
(b) Large DC PV system
(c) PV system for DC and AC power

2. Hybrid PV systems:
(a) Hybrid-PV diesel
(i) Hybrid PV-Diesel system for DC and AC power
(ii) Hybrid PV-Diesel system for DC and AC with generator
for rectified DC
(c) Hybrid PV-Thermal systems
(d) Hybrid PV-Wind systems

3.Grid-connected PV power systems
(a) Self-commutated
(b) Line commutated

> Simple single module DC PV systems (PV Home systems) are used for low cost rural electrification. Usually a single module is connected to the load for sunny day use.

> Simple single module DC PV system (PV Home system) is connected to a single low cost battery through a simple charge controller as the regulator that is connected to a CFL. The regulator may have a relay that could tern off the light if the battery voltage became too low. The user would have to wait until the module charged the battery back to an acceptable intermediate voltage before they could turn on the light again.
> Large DC PV power system consists of large number of modules and large number of batteries to drive heavy DC loads. A large heavy duty controller having high current driving capability is required. Usually Loads are connected through the charge controller via DC circuit breaker distribution box.
> PV system for DC and AC power consists of large number of modules. Charge controller regulates the charging and discharging of the battery and the DC loads are supplied power through controller. Inverter generates AC power for the AC loads such as computers, fax machine, radio, TV, VCR and CD players.

Hybrid PV-Diesel system

(i) Hybrid PV-Diesel system for DC and AC power:
Instead of relying purely on PV system for power, a system can be designed with other generators available as well. A common choice is a diesel generator. This generator produces AC power for AC loads which can be passed directly on to AC loads through transfer switches. Generator power can also be used after (converting AC to DC) rectification to charge batteries or to supply required DC input to the inverter.
(ii) Hybrid PV-Diesel system for DC and AC with generator
for rectified DC
A hybrid system can be designed to have the generator act only as a battery charger. AC power is not used to run the AC loads. All AC loads are driven by the power generated by the inverter only. The generator is turned on when the battery voltage is very low or weather is bad. After rectification generator output is used to charge the battery.
The generator needs to operate only for few hours to recharge batteries.
Generator is operated at its full rated output for maximum output and
long life. When batteries are sufficiently recharged, the generator is turned off, and the finishing charge is supplied by the solar modules. If the bad weather continues, the generator is turned on again for a few days, and repeats the charging process. In this way the battery is kept fully charged having longer useful life.

(iii) Hybrid PV-Thermal systems
Hybrid PV-thermal systems, sometimes known as hybrid PV/T systems or PVT, are systems that convert solar radiation into electrical and thermal energy. These systems combine a photovoltaic cell, which converts electromagnetic radiation (photons) into electricity, with a solar thermal collector, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module. Photovoltaic (PV) cells suffer from a drop in efficiency with the rise in temperature due to increased resistance. Such systems can be utilized to carry heat away from the PV cells thereby cooling the cells and thus improving their efficiency by lowering resistance.
Hybrid PV-Wind systems
There are some places where wind speeds are often low in periods when the sun resources are at their best. On the other hand, the wind is often stronger in seasons when there are less sun resources. That can make solar PV-wind hybrid solutions an alternative to consider. Even during the same day, in many regions worldwide or in some periods of the year, there are different and opposite wind and solar resource patterns. And those different patterns can make the hybrid systems the best option for electricity production.
Hybrid PV-Wind system is the combination of PV and wind turbine for the generation of electricity.
Grid-connected PV systems

DC power generated by PV is converted into AC and is supplied to the national grid. Energy storage is not necessary in this case. On sunny days, the solar generator provides power, e.g., for the electrical appliances in the house. Excess energy is supplied to the national grid. During the night and overcast days, the house draws its power from the grid. In this way, the electricity grid can be regarded as a large “storage unit”. In the case of a favorable rate-based tariff for PV electricity, as in force in some countries, it is more advantageous to feed all solar electricity into the grid.

Grid-connected PV systems can be subdivided into two kinds

Decentralized Grid-connected PV systems and
Centralized Grid-connected PV systems

Single phase less than or equal to 25kW
Three phase less than or equal to 300kW

Decentralized Grid-connected PV systems

Decentralized Grid-connected PV systems have mostly a small power range and are installed on the roof-top of buildings (roof-top or flat-roof installation) or integrated into building facades.


For example, in Germany around 80% of the more than 50,000 existing grid-connected PV systems are installed either on the roof-top of a building or integrated into a building façade. The benefit of the installation of a PV system into or onto a building is that no separate area for the solar generator is needed.

Central Grid-connected PV systems:

Central Grid-connected PV systems have an installed power up to MW range. With such central photovoltaic power stations it is possible to feed directly into the medium or high voltage grid. Mostly central photovoltaic power stations are set on unused land, but in some cases an installation on buildings, mostly on the flat roof of greater buildings, is also possible.


The main equipments in a solar home and commercial system connection set-ups are:
1. PV solar panels/module
2. Battery for storing the electricity
3. Charge controller for the battery indicator
4. Inverter for converting the DC current to AC out put usage equipment
5. Accessories as cable, switch board, switch, clip, array junction box for large system, main junction box, and steel frame structure to set-up the PV panels and some more as required to design and looking the solution in descent shape.